Shading reduces current in series strings; microinverters optimize each module independently, reducing shading losses. Which statement best reflects this?

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Shading mainly matters through how current flows in the system. In a string of modules wired in series, the same current passes through every module. If one module gets shaded and its current drops, that lower current becomes the string current, pulling down the whole string’s output and creating shading losses. Using microinverters changes the game because each module has its own inverter and MPPT. That means a shaded module can only limit its own conversion; the other modules keep operating near their optimum, so shading losses are much reduced.

The other statements don’t fit because shading does not increase voltage in strings; it primarily reduces current and overall power. Not all configurations are affected equally—string setups are more prone to shading losses than module-level inverters. And microinverters do have an impact: they mitigate shading losses by enabling module-by-module optimization.